User:EmRob/Notes for DVWG

= Notes for DVWG = This page contains my notes to be used for the domestic violence working group.

Directory of Family and Domestic Violence Statistics, 2013, ABS, 4533.0, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4533.0, 03/10/2013, visited 19/05/2015
Notes from "Introduction" section Notes from "Defining Family and Domestic Violence" The ABS then provides many data sources, listing the authors with a summary of their work (type of survey/definition of DV). There is a large volume of sources, with varying relevance, geographical coverage and F&DV definitions. Some are unpublished but may be available upon request.  I've tried to grab a snapshot of the National reports, of course, the ones which are made public.
 * Hard to gain all information and statistics due to involvement of "different levels of government, health, welfare, family and community services, and crime and justice."
 * No set definition, flexible, depends on circumstances. - This means that our definition will also need to be flexible.

== Crime Victimisation, Australia, ABS, 2013-2014, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4530.0~2013-14~Main%20Features~Introduction~10002 (and related pages, particularly "Personal Crime") == The ABS Directory page,, summarises the F&DV capture from these types of reports as "Family and domestic violence is defined by the survey questions, which ask about experiences of physical assault and face-to face threatened assault. Aspects of family and domestic violence captured in the data are: Physical assault; Face-to face threatened assault." The data presented is from the most recent survey, although it is not listed on the directory. Notes from "Introduction"
 * survey provides snapshot which includes whole community, not just crimes reported to police
 * RSE (relative standard error) of 25% are considered normal, but anything over 50% is excluded, and this is commonly due to small numbers of victims leading to high sampling error.

Personal Crime Statistics
In the 12 months prior to interview, of the population (18.5 million persons aged 15 years and over): "All victims of assault (including physical assault, face-to-face and non face-to-face threatened assault) were more likely to experience multiple incidents than one incident: Over a quarter (27%) of persons who experienced threatened assault (including both face-to-face and non face-to-face threatened assault) experienced six or more incidents of threatened assault. In comparison, just under one fifth (17%) of victims of physical assault experienced six or more incidents."
 * 2.3% experienced at least one physical assault, 52% reported their most recent incident to police
 * 2.9% experienced at least one threatened assault, including face-to-face and non face-to-face threatened assaults; 34% of those who experienced face-to-face threatened assault reported their most recent incident, while 35% of persons who experienced non face-to-face threatened assault reported their most recent incident.
 * 0.4% experienced at least one robbery, 56% reported their most recent incident. "More than three quarters (79%) of robbery victims experienced one incident only"
 * Of the Population (17.6 million aged 18 years and over) 0.3% experienced at least one sexual assault. 38% of persons who experienced sexual assault reported their most recent incident to police
 * 55% of persons who experienced physical assault experienced multiple incidents, compared to *43% who only experienced one incident
 * 56% of persons who experienced face-to-face threatened assault experienced multiple incidents, compared to 42% who only experienced one incident
 * 59% of all persons who experienced assault experienced multiple incidents, compared to 40% who only experienced one incident.

This indicates that perhaps a significant amount of interpersonal violence is not being reported. People who are threatened or physically assaulted are more likely to experience more than one victimisation and not more than 55% are reporting their most recent experience. This means there is something preventing the reporting.

Profiles of Victimisation by Crime Type
As I am only one human, I will include values on assaults - physical, threatened and sexual.

Physical Assault
Definition of assault, and some specific numbers are on the link. I appear to be copying and pasting quite a lot, and not summarising. Of the most recent experience of assault:
 * Unmarried people more likely to experience assault than married (approx. 3x)
 * Unemployed more likely to be assaulted than employed (app. 2.5x)
 * Those outside capital cities more likely than those within (app. 1.4x)
 * Women more likely than men to experience more than one incident in the last year (61% vs 48%)
 * Offenders more likely to be male (75%) women offenders were 17%
 * Offender was more likely to be known to victim (62% to 48%)
 * More likely to not be living with known offender.
 * Roughly 1/3 of assaults were at the victim's home
 * 13% of victims did not report the incident as they considered it to be too trivial/unimportant. A further 12% of victims did not report because they thought it was a personal matter.
 * Male victims more likely to be assaulted by strangers (52% of male victims)
 * Females more likely to be assaulted by someone they know (80%) Intimate partners were 25% of offenders, family 19%.

Threatened Assault
Face to face threats Non face-to-face
 * Males more likely than females (~1.3x)
 * Victims more likely unmarried (~2x)
 * More likely unemployed (~2.3x)
 * More likely outside capital cities (~1.3x)
 * 42% victims had one incident, 21% two incidents
 * Offenders again more likely male than female
 * Offender more likely to be known to victim: - More likely to not live with the offender
 * Male victims - offender more likely to be stranger (53%). Female victims knew offenders (70%)
 * Threats more likely at home or work. Women 2x more likely to face threats at home than men (38% vs 19%). Men ~3.7x more likely to face threats at entertainment venues than women (11% vs 3%)
 * 24% didn't report to police due to "too trivial/unimportant"
 * Again, unmarried, unemployed and non-capital city dwellers at higher risk of threat of assault.

Sexual Assault

 * Females 5x more likely to be victims than males (0.5% vs 0.1% of total population - 17.6 million)

Summary
A snapshot of general violence and threats of violence show a significant number of issues in terms male offenders, offenders known to victims, and incidents occurring at home or in the workplace.

== 4714.0 - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2008 http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4714.0Feature%20Article12008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4714.0&issue=2008&num=&view= ==

FEATURE ARTICLE: EXPERIENCES OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE, 2008 from the NATIONAL ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER SOCIAL SURVEY (NATSISS) (all caps due to copy and paste from ABS Website) This suggests that compared to the wider community as represented in the Crime Victimisation report (above) there is a significant increase in experiencing violence when one is Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander.
 * 25% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experienced at least one incident of physical violence (that is, an incident of physical assault and/or physical threat).
 * Men (25%) and women (24%) had experienced physical violence during the 12 months prior to interview
 * Cities saw higher prevalence (26%) compared to remote areas (22%)

Age

 * Increase in age lead to a decrease in experiencing violence.
 * 31% 15–24 years and 28% 25–34 years experienced of physical violence in the past year.
 * 25% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 35–44 years
 * 19% people aged 45–54 years
 * 8% of people aged 55 years and over
 * Women and men were equally represented across the age groups.

Women's Experience of Violence
Physical Assault (most recent incident) Injuries Reporting to police Physical Threat
 * 15% experienced physical violence, 19% experienced threats. 9% experienced both.
 * 94% of women knew the offender, 6% identified offender as a stranger.
 * 32% offenders Current or previous partner - 21% previous partner, 12% current partner
 * 28% offenders family
 * 22% other known people (ex/current boy/girlfriend, workmates, dates, neighbours, fellow students)
 * 60% of respondents suffered injuries from their last incident
 * 50% injured visited a health professional for injuries
 * "Around one in five (21%) women who were injured reported sustaining another type of injury, a category which includes penetrative injuries (stabbing or gun shot), miscarriage and any other injuries" 11% sustained broken bones or fractures (incl. teeth)
 * 60% report rate **Note that this is about twice the report rate for the general population**
 * Young victims (15-24) were less likely to report, at 52%.
 * Reports on partners/ex-partners more likely than family or "known by sight only" offenders (65% vs 48% and 41%)
 * of the women who reported a physical threat, 81% were from non-remote areas, and 85% of those said their last threat was received in person.
 * Threats less likely to be reported than violence (40%)
 * Women who had suffered threats and violence were more likely to report (57%) than those who were just receiving threats (34%)

Men's Experience of Violence
Injuries Reporting Physical Threat
 * 17% experience violence, 15% physical threat, 7% experienced both.
 * 77% knew the offender, and 23% offender was a stranger
 * 2% offenders Current or previous partner
 * 20% offenders family
 * 25% other known people (ex/current boy/girlfriend, workmates, dates, neighbours, fellow students)
 * 20% Person known only by sight
 * 16% friend
 * 49% of respondents suffered injuries from their last incident
 * 46% injured visited a health professional for injuries
 * "Around 14% of men who were injured during their most recent incident of physical assault sustained another type of injury (including penetrative injuries such as stabbing or gunshot and other injuries)." 26% sustained broken bones/factures incl. teeth.
 * 30% report rate
 * 15-24 yrs lower reporting - 20% vs 45% for the 35-44yr olds
 * Men injured more likely to report (38% vs 22%)
 * of the men who reported a physical threat, 78% were from non-remote areas, and 90% of those said their last threat was received in person.
 * Threats less likely to be reported than violence (23%)
 * Men who had suffered threats and violence were more likely to report (23%) than those who were just receiving threats (22%)

Comparison of Men and Women's Experiences
There is further analysis involving education, health, experiences of discrimination etc which I'm sure has some influence, however, the introduction to the paper says:
 * "Women who had experienced physical assault were significantly more likely than Men to identify the perpetrator of their most recent incident of violence as a person known to them" *"Men who experienced physical assault were almost four times more likely than women to have identified the perpetrator of their most recent incident as a stranger"
 * "women who experienced physical assault were significantly more likely than men to identify the perpetrator of their most recent incident as a current or previous partner (32% compared to 2%*)" - * Estimate has a relative standard error of between 25% and 50% and should be used with caution
 * "women were significantly more likely than men to report that they had sustained an injury in their most recent incident (60% compared to 49%)."
 * "men who sustained fractured or broken bone injuries was more than double the proportion of women who sustained the same injuries (26% compared to 11%)"
 * "women reported their most recent incident of physical assault to the police at twice the rate of men (60% compared to 30%)"
 * "women were significantly more likely to have reported their most recent incident threat to the police than men who experienced physical threat during the same reference period (40% compared to 23%)."
 * "This article also presents data on the socio-demographic characteristics of Aboriginal and :Torres Strait Islander people who have experienced physical violence. This information is :provided to potentially support individuals and organisations to better understand and/or :address the issue of physical assault and physical threat within the Aboriginal and Torres :Strait Islander population. The NATSISS was not designed to examine causal relationships :between variables so users should not infer causation between socio-demographic :characteristics and experiences of physical violence from the NATSISS data alone."

Summary
Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander persons are more likely to experience violence compared to a national average from the Criminal Victims Survey. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women are very likely to suffer family and domestic violence than Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males, and are willing to report to police more than the average in the Criminal Victims survey.

NATIONAL COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TOWARDS VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN SURVEY (NCAS), http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4533.0Main+Features452013
The ABS Domestic and Family Violence Directory summarises
 * "Aspects of family and domestic violence captured by the NCAS are:
 * Physical abuse;
 * Sexual abuse;
 * Psychological/ emotional abuse; and
 * Property damage.


 * Attitudes toward stalking and harassment are collected through the survey but may not :specifically relate to family and domestic violence."

The NCAS can be found at this address: https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/media-and-resources/publications/national-community-attitudes-towards-violence-against-women-survey-2009 and I downloaded the file labelled "Resource 1:National Survey on Community Attitudes to Violence Against Women: Changing cultures, changing attitudes: Summary of findings (1.32MB)"

"Reference 3: National Survey on Community Attitudes to Violence Against Women: Fact sheet"  is a very simplified version of the larger report ("Reference 1"). Will use this if I cannot find time for the other.

NATIONAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THE WORKPLACE SURVEY, 2011, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4533.0Main+Features472013
Also ran out of time to summarise this. Did have a good leaf through, and has some very interesting statistics in terms of impact on F&DV preventing victims from getting to work. http://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au/PDF%20files/Domestic_violence_and_work_survey_report_2011.pdf