PDC: Drug policy
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Draft Policy
This is a draft policy which may still be under development and is not approved or endorsed by the party.
Until such time as it is endorsed by the party, it does not represent the views or intentions of the party. |
This Working Group (WG) was established by the Policy Development Committee (PDC) on 23 January 2013. The working group was tasked with developing a harm minimisation approach as an alternative policy to the war on drugs. It was chaired by Mark Gibbons and has prepared the following policy text for potential adoption by PPAU.
Platform amendment
People have always taken drugs, and modern attempts at prohibition are at odds with history as well as human nature. The war on drugs is best understood as a war on a market. Such wars are futile: demand always creates supply, and ad-hoc attacks on supply channels do nothing other than reduce the quality of drugs, and increase the risks. History shows that even the harshest attempts to outlaw a market do not make the market go away, but merely create an unregulated black market in place of the legal one, making criminals of regular citizens and funding organized crime.
The cost of the war on drugs
At present the illegal drug market is worth around $300 billion per year[1], making a mockery of prohibition. The choice we face is not between drugs and no drugs, but between legal and illegal markets.
The illegal market funnels vast profits to criminals and imposes equally vast costs on society. The US alone spends $50 billion per year fighting the war on drugs, [2] and global spending is far greater. The secondary costs are incalculable: jailing people for drug offences does far more to destroy individual lives and potential than the drugs themselves. The policy is poorly targeted, excluding alcohol and tobacco but imposing massive punishments on non-violent users of much less harmful products.[3] In producer countries, the illegal market has enriched drug cartels, causing thousands of deaths every year[4], corrupting civil societies and creating a risk of failed states.
Prohibition offers no success to justify the cost: figures from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime show no observable decline in global drug use[5], nor is any decline evident in Australia[6]. Results among individual nations show no correlation between drug use levels and the harshness of drug laws[7].
The alternative
The experience of Portugal—where decriminalisation led to an observable fall in drug deaths[8]—suggests that a much better approach exists. Imprisonment is an immoral and ineffective way of handling mental health issues and other drivers of drug abuse. It is cheaper and more effective to handle these issues in the sphere of public health. Legalising and taxing safe drugs will raise revenue to fund better support services for addicts and their families. Decriminalising other drugs will broaden options for treatment and allow help to be extended without the threat of criminal sanctions. Effective policy must offer help and treatment, but must also recognise that most drug users are neither addicts nor criminals.
In handling drugs, policymakers should also take note of their one success: the campaign against tobacco. The anti-tobacco campaign has reduced the proportion of smokers by 40% over 20 years[9] through a combination of advertising, warnings, and social sanctions in a legal framework. It is a far more successful model than prohibition, and a broader application of it should be considered.
Ultimately however, civil liberties must be respected. A belief in civil liberties does not require approval of every private choice, merely acceptance that choice should exist. The alternative has cost us too much, for too long.
Policy text
The Pirate Party proposes that management of drugs be shifted into the public health arena through a combination of legalisation and decriminalisation.
Legalise safe, non-addictive drugs.
- A controlled substances committee will be established. The committee will meet periodically and will be tasked with several activities as specified below.
- The committee members will be healthcare professionals assembled for this purpose and strive to make fact-based decisions.
- Psychoactive substance classification will be amended to conform to criteria such as:
- Addictive properties
- Habituating properties
- Perception impairment
- Reversible impact on the user
- Known therapeutic properties
- Re-classification will be performed periodically by the controlled substances committee.
- Substances which are non-addictive and have a reversible impact on the user will be legalised, i.e. removed from any schedule that prohibits their use.
- Marijuana[10] will be made available subject to appropriate health warnings and quality assurance.
- Limited psychedelic drugs will be made available subject to appropriate health warnings, quality assurance, and assessment by an expert panel to ensure no significant health impacts result from legalisation.
- The committee will be able to recommend conditions for obtaining legalised substances, such as requiring a psychological evaluation, etc.
- Legalised drugs will be taxed.
- Tax rates will be set at a level which balances the need to manage health impacts with the need to provide financial incentives to avoid the black market.
- Sales will be regulated.
- Retailers will require licenses (as per conditions for selling alcohol)
- Products will include mandatory warnings on health risks as recommended by manufacturers and relevant government bodies
- Products will be restricted to sale in limited quantities, and may not be sold to intoxicated persons
- All forms of advertising will be banned.
- Products will be subject to strict quality control, with penalties for poor product quality being equivalent to those currently applied to pharmaceuticals.
- Age verification will be required for all drug sales.
- Exports will be controlled.
- Exports to countries where drugs remain illegal will be a criminal offence unless products are sold under license to authorities in those countries that are legally permitted such purchases.
- Minors will be protected.
- Making drugs available to minors will be a criminal offence.
Partially decriminalise drugs which fail to meet the threshold for legalization.
- Decriminalisation will apply to possession, purchase and consumption of small quantities of drugs for personal use.
- Small quantities will be defined as a 14-day supply.
- Infractions will be handled outside the criminal justice system, with preference given to the application of civil penalties including confiscation of drugs and treatment recommendations. Treatment may be imposed as part of a prosecution if other civil or criminal acts are committed by a person under the influence of drugs.
- Users who work in professions with professional duty of care to others may face suspension of their right to practice under civil law.
- Penalties for the sale of small quantities of decriminalised drugs will include fines and confiscation of products under civil law.
- Criminal sanctions will continue to apply for possession, sale or smuggling of substances in commercial quantities.
- Decriminalised drugs may be made available under prescription.
- Supply would be procured following medical consultation in instances where harm minimisation or addiction treatment requires it, or as a mechanism for reducing black market purchasing.
- Chemists providing drugs will be required to provide dosage levels, toxicity information, and information about side effects, as per standard requirements for medication.
Redirect existing resources and additional revenue to fund more research and support services.
- Expand mental health services, rehabilitation facilities, and programs to assist addicts with social re-integration.
- Persons seeking treatment will be entitled to protection of their privacy as per a doctor-patient relationship.
- Adopt harm minimisation techniques.
- Pharmacies will be encouraged to make clean needles and drug testing kits available.
- Redirect police and prison resources towards preventing violent crime.
- Curb the use of sniffer dogs and random "inspections" at public events.
- Undo restrictions on research and data collection imposed during prohibition.
- Re-start research programs utilising previously banned drugs.
- Re-start data collection on drug use and drug effects.
Citations
[1] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2010). 2010 Report: "Cutting the Threads of Drugs, Crime and Terrorism". The UNOCD 2010 Report, Page 44.
[2] National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, “Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don’t Know Keeps Hurting Us” (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001), p. 1.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drug_danger_and_dependence.svg
[4] http://www.mexicogulfreporter.com/2012/01/47515-have-died-in-mexicos-five-year.html
[5] ONODC, Recent Statistics and Trend Analysis of Illicit Drug Markets, 2012, page 7, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_Chapter1.pdf
[6] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Drugs in Australia 2010, November 2011, Page 43. http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737420455
[7] http://www.economist.com/node/13237193
[8] Hughes and Stevens, The Effects of Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal, December 2007, page 5, http://www.beckleyfoundation.org/bib/doc/bf/2007_Caitlin_211672_1.pdf
[9] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Drugs in Australia 2010, November 2011, Page 3. http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737420455
[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drug_danger_and_dependence.svg
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-teenage-mind/201012/is-marijuana-addictive Hilts, Relative addictiveness of drugs, August 2, 1994, http://www.tfy.drugsense.org/tfy/addictvn.htm (Accessed March 2 2012)
Arkowitz, Lilienfeld, Experts Tell the Truth about Pot, Scientific American, 22 February 2012. http://www.chanvre-info.ch/info/en/Hemp-is-less-toxic-than-alcohol-or.html http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/misc/addictiv.htm
Ungless and Lüscher, The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs, November 14 2006, http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437 (Accessed March 2 2012)
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